closed-membership cooperative - tradução para russo
![date=2 October 2011}} ''[[The Cooperator]]''. December 2006.</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Co-op City Hutch River crop.jpg?width=200 "date=2 October 2011}} ''[[The Cooperator]]''. December 2006.</ref>")
![[[The Co-operative Bank]]'s head office in [[Manchester]]. The statue in front is of [[Robert Owen]], a pioneer in the cooperative movement.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Co-operative Bank head office 20051019.jpg?width=200 "[[The Co-operative Bank]]'s head office in [[Manchester]]. The statue in front is of [[Robert Owen]], a pioneer in the cooperative movement.")
![Cooperative of agricultural products of [[Alginet]], 1963](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Muntó de tomaques a la Cooperativa d'Alginet, País Valencià, 1963.jpg?width=200 "Cooperative of agricultural products of [[Alginet]], 1963")
![[[Robert Owen]] (1771–1858) was a social reformer and a pioneer of the cooperative movement.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Portrait of Robert Owen (1771 - 1858) by John Cranch, 1845.jpg?width=200 "[[Robert Owen]] (1771–1858) was a social reformer and a pioneer of the cooperative movement.")
 in Rača, Bratislava.jpg?width=200 "The statue of Samuel Jurkovič, national awakener and founder of first cooperative in Central Europe (Spolok Gazdovský) in Rača, Bratislava")
![Raiffeisen]], is a cooperative as well.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Zuerich Migroshochhaus 5.jpg?width=200 "Raiffeisen]], is a cooperative as well.")
2) член кооперативного общества, кооператор
3) совместный, объединённый; согласованно действующий
- buyers' cooperative
- buying cooperative
- closed-membership cooperative
- common services cooperative
- farmer marketing cooperative
- generation-and-transmission cooperative
- grazing cooperative
- producers' cooperative
- purchasing cooperative
- rural electric cooperative
- sellers' cooperative
- service cooperative
- trading cooperative
- users' cooperative
Definição
Wikipédia
A utility cooperative is a type of cooperative that is tasked with the delivery of a public utility such as electricity, water or telecommunications to its members. Profits are either reinvested for infrastructure or distributed to members in the form of "patronage" or "capital credits", which are dividends paid on a member's investment in the cooperative.
Each customer is a member and owner of the business. This means that all members have equal individual authority, unlike investor-owned utilities where the extent of individual authority is governed by the number of shares held. Like cooperatives operating in other sectors, many utility cooperatives conduct their affairs according to a set of ideals based on the Rochdale Principles. Some utility cooperatives respect the seventh principle, Concern for community, through Operation Roundup schemes, whereby members can voluntarily have their bill rounded to the next currency unit (e.g. $55.37 becomes $56), with the difference (e.g. 63¢) distributed to a fund for local charities.
Many such cooperatives exist in the rural United States and were created by the New Deal to bring electric power and telephone service to rural areas, when the nearest investor-owned utility would not provide service since it believes that there would be insufficient revenue to justify the capital expenditures required. Many electric cooperatives have banded together to form their own wholesale power cooperatives, often called G&Ts for "generation and transmission", to supply their member-owners with electricity.
Many utility cooperatives strive to bring the best service at the lowest possible cost, but the high cost of maintaining the infrastructure that is needed to cover large rural areas without the support of large cities as a rich customer base often causes high prices. However, a few such co-ops have managed to tap into urban markets because of growth into previously rural territory served by the co-ops, and they have proven to be very cost-effective. More recently, established energy co-ops have offered with national coverage. Co-operative Energy in the United Kingdom and Enercoop in France are examples of consumer cooperatives. Other co-ops have formed to concentrate on the generation of renewable energy, especially wind energy co-operatives.
